2020年7月22日，習(xi)近平總(zong)書記(ji)在吉林省考察時指(zhi)出，要走(zou)好(hao)農業合(he)作化道(dao)路，為2020年全面建成小康(kang)社會之后(hou)我國農業的發展指(zhi)明了方向。走(zou)好(hao)農業合(he)作化道(dao)路，成為助力鄉村振興戰略(lve)的重要內(nei)容(rong)。

農業合作化被賦予新的時代內涵

農(nong)村改(gai)革(ge)之后，家庭聯產(chan)承包責(ze)任(ren)制下，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產(chan)力得(de)到最大程度的(de)釋放(fang)，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)實(shi)現了跨(kua)越式發展。同時，一些新問題(ti)新矛盾也暴露出(chu)來(lai)，如小農(nong)戶與現代(dai)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)的(de)銜(xian)接問題(ti)、農(nong)業(ye)(ye)勞(lao)動力不足(zu)問題(ti)。特別是，針(zhen)對農(nong)產(chan)品安全(quan)問題(ti)，迫切需要(yao)做(zuo)出(chu)重(zhong)大決策，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)合作化被(bei)賦予了新的(de)時代(dai)內涵。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)合(he)作化(hua)(hua)是(shi)用合(he)作社(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)形式，把個(ge)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、分(fen)散的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經濟轉變成比較大規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)、集體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會主義農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經濟。新形勢下，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)合(he)作化(hua)(hua)是(shi)一種(zhong)在(zai)政(zheng)府引(yin)導之(zhi)下，廣(guang)大農(nong)(nong)(nong)民適應農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)發(fa)展需求自發(fa)實現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)創(chuang)(chuang)新。農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)合(he)作化(hua)(hua)不(bu)(bu)僅提(ti)高了(le)(le)組(zu)織(zhi)化(hua)(hua)、集約(yue)化(hua)(hua)程度，也(ye)為實現(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)經營體(ti)制(zhi)機制(zhi)創(chuang)(chuang)新提(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)一個(ge)重要載體(ti)，在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)礎設施的(de)(de)(de)(de)完善、農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)投入品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)購買使(shi)用、先進農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術及優良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推廣(guang)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)銷售渠道的(de)(de)(de)(de)拓(tuo)展等方面，發(fa)揮(hui)了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)可(ke)替代的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要作用。同時(shi)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)合(he)作化(hua)(hua)實現(xian)了(le)(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民與市(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效銜接，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民在(zai)市(shi)場中的(de)(de)(de)(de)話語(yu)權得(de)到(dao)體(ti)現(xian)和重視，促進了(le)(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)增收。此外，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)合(he)作化(hua)(hua)還可(ke)以提(ti)高農(nong)(nong)(nong)村公(gong)共(gong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)給能(neng)力，為生(sheng)態宜(yi)居美麗鄉村建設提(ti)供(gong)保(bao)障。

農業合作化適應農業現代化發展方向

農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)既(ji)是一(yi)個過程，也是一(yi)種手段。在農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)過程中，需要新發(fa)展理念、先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)科學技(ji)術、現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)經濟管理等共同推動。我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業發(fa)展逐漸(jian)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了從改革開放之(zhi)初的(de)(de)(de)以發(fa)展生產(chan)(chan)力為核心向(xiang)以提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品質量(liang)安(an)全為核心的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)變，通過發(fa)展高效、優質、節約(yue)、友好、循環型農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業，不斷提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)水平。當前，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)面臨(lin)著糧食安(an)全、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)品質量(liang)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)增(zeng)收、資(zi)源(yuan)環境(jing)約(yue)束(shu)等諸多矛盾(dun)，以家庭為生產(chan)(chan)單元的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)度安(an)排已無法有效地解決這(zhe)些矛盾(dun)。因此，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業合(he)(he)作化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生具有必然性，不僅適應時(shi)代(dai)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，更(geng)符合(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)化(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)。

農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)合作化(hua)(hua)以大規模農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)機械(xie)化(hua)(hua)、專業(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)運(yun)作為標志，充分發揮科技(ji)力(li)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)作用，將農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)生產力(li)水平提升到(dao)一個新高度，實(shi)現了糧食(shi)產量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)連年遞增，農(nong)(nong)(nong)民收入(ru)的(de)(de)不斷增加，也提升了農(nong)(nong)(nong)產品的(de)(de)市(shi)場競爭力(li)，加快了農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)現代化(hua)(hua)進程。截(jie)至(zhi)2019年，我國農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)科技(ji)進步貢獻率達到(dao)59.2%，全國農(nong)(nong)(nong)作物(wu)耕種收綜合機械(xie)化(hua)(hua)率超(chao)過(guo)70%；水稻、玉米、小麥三(san)大糧食(shi)作物(wu)化(hua)(hua)肥(fei)利(li)用率達到(dao)39.2%。這些成就的(de)(de)取得，農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)合作化(hua)(hua)功不可(ke)沒。

農業合作化促進農民收入增加

改(gai)革開放以(yi)來，隨著(zhu)市(shi)場經濟體制的不斷完善、農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)價格(ge)的提(ti)高、多種生產(chan)要素(su)對收(shou)入(ru)分配的參與(yu)，農(nong)(nong)民(min)收(shou)入(ru)實(shi)現(xian)了(le)快速增長，且(qie)收(shou)入(ru)來源結構呈現(xian)多元化特征。盡管如(ru)此，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)經營收(shou)入(ru)對農(nong)(nong)民(min)增收(shou)的貢獻有(you)限，2016—2019年(nian)，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)居民(min)人均可(ke)支(zhi)配經營凈(jing)收(shou)入(ru)年(nian)均名義增長6.4%，對農(nong)(nong)民(min)增收(shou)的貢獻率(lv)僅(jin)為27.4%。這既與(yu)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)價格(ge)相對偏低、農(nong)(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)成本上升有(you)關(guan)，也與(yu)農(nong)(nong)民(min)在農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)市(shi)場中話語權較(jiao)弱密切相關(guan)。

2020年中(zhong)央一號(hao)文(wen)件指出，多渠道促進(jin)農(nong)民(min)(min)增收(shou)。其中(zhong)就包括發展富民(min)(min)鄉村產業(ye)，支持各(ge)地立足(zu)資源優勢打造各(ge)具特(te)色的農(nong)業(ye)全產業(ye)鏈，重點(dian)培育(yu)家庭農(nong)場、農(nong)民(min)(min)合作社(she)等新(xin)型農(nong)業(ye)經營(ying)主體(ti)。農(nong)業(ye)合作化體(ti)現的一個重要(yao)理念就是(shi)合作。特(te)別是(shi)，為了實現2020年全面建成小(xiao)康社(she)會(hui)和(he)打贏脫貧攻(gong)堅戰(zhan)(zhan)的戰(zhan)(zhan)略目標，以農(nong)業(ye)合作化促進(jin)農(nong)村居(ju)民(min)(min)收(shou)入增加是(shi)重要(yao)保障。

農業合作化推動美麗鄉村建設

改善(shan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)是以習近(jin)平同志(zhi)為(wei)核(he)心的(de)(de)黨(dang)中央做出的(de)(de)重大決策(ce)，是全面建成小康社會(hui)的(de)(de)硬任(ren)務。2020年(nian)中央一號(hao)文件提(ti)出，扎實(shi)搞好農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)。隨(sui)著《農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)三年(nian)行(xing)動方案》的(de)(de)實(shi)施，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)人(ren)(ren)(ren)居環(huan)(huan)境(jing)(jing)整(zheng)治(zhi)取(qu)得明(ming)顯成效，村(cun)(cun)莊面貌發(fa)生了(le)巨大變化(hua)。截至2019年(nian)底(di)，全國(guo)90%以上的(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)莊開展了(le)清潔行(xing)動，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)衛生廁所普及率超過60%，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)生活垃圾(ji)收(shou)運處(chu)置(zhi)體(ti)系覆蓋84%以上的(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)村(cun)(cun)，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)生活污水(shui)治(zhi)理水(shui)平有了(le)較(jiao)大提(ti)升(sheng)。

在實施(shi)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)整治(zhi)，推動生態宜居(ju)美麗鄉村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設中，也存(cun)在著(zhu)一些(xie)(xie)突出問題。近些(xie)(xie)年，農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)整治(zhi)陸續配備(bei)了垃圾(ji)桶、垃圾(ji)箱及(ji)中轉站、運(yun)輸車(che)等硬件設施(shi)，但(dan)由(you)于缺乏一個有效(xiao)的(de)(de)運(yun)營(ying)與管護(hu)機制，既沒有運(yun)營(ying)組織，也缺乏管護(hu)經費，從(cong)而導(dao)致這些(xie)(xie)設施(shi)的(de)(de)閑置與浪費。加上農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)整治(zhi)資(zi)金投入主(zhu)要依靠(kao)政府，集體經濟難(nan)以提(ti)供(gong)(gong)有效(xiao)的(de)(de)補充。農(nong)業合(he)作化道路，在增加農(nong)民(min)收入的(de)(de)同(tong)時，也促進(jin)了集體經濟的(de)(de)發展，從(cong)而為農(nong)村(cun)(cun)公共(gong)品(pin)的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)給提(ti)供(gong)(gong)了資(zi)金保障(zhang)。與此同(tong)時，農(nong)業合(he)作化道路也為農(nong)村(cun)(cun)人居(ju)環(huan)境(jing)整治(zhi)提(ti)供(gong)(gong)了組織、人員保障(zhang)，更(geng)好(hao)地(di)推動生態宜居(ju)美麗鄉村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設。

農業合作化有利于農業高質量發展

黨的(de)(de)(de)十(shi)九大報告(gao)強調，中(zhong)國特色社(she)會主(zhu)義進入新時代，我國社(she)會主(zhu)要(yao)矛盾已經轉化為人民(min)日(ri)益(yi)增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)美好(hao)生活需(xu)要(yao)和不(bu)平衡不(bu)充分的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展之間的(de)(de)(de)矛盾。人民(min)日(ri)益(yi)增(zeng)長的(de)(de)(de)優質(zhi)安全農產(chan)品需(xu)要(yao)是農業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)首要(yao)任務。因(yin)此，必須推動農業(ye)高(gao)質(zhi)量發(fa)(fa)展，保(bao)障優質(zhi)安全農產(chan)品供給能力(li)，為國人身體健(jian)康提供保(bao)障，助力(li)健(jian)康中(zhong)國戰略的(de)(de)(de)實現。

當前，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染防(fang)治形勢依然嚴峻，打(da)贏(ying)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染攻堅戰的(de)任務依然十分艱巨。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業合作化(hua)(hua)(hua)為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業面(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染防(fang)治，改善農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)環境，保障農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)品質量(liang)(liang)安全提供了有效路徑。走(zou)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業合作化(hua)(hua)(hua)之路，實施統(tong)一的(de)生(sheng)產(chan)行(xing)為，遵循統(tong)一的(de)質量(liang)(liang)標準，采取(qu)統(tong)一的(de)發(fa)展模式(shi)，并建立有效的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業廢棄物回收機制(zhi)，提高(gao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業廢棄物資(zi)源化(hua)(hua)(hua)利用率(lv)，推動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)逐漸走(zou)向循環化(hua)(hua)(hua)、清潔化(hua)(hua)(hua)。統(tong)一的(de)行(xing)動(dong)產(chan)生(sheng)良好的(de)效果，不僅可以實現化(hua)(hua)(hua)肥農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)藥減(jian)量(liang)(liang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，而且(qie)可以提高(gao)其綜合利用效率(lv)，減(jian)少面(mian)源污(wu)(wu)染物的(de)流量(liang)(liang)，推動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業高(gao)質量(liang)(liang)發(fa)展。

因地制宜選擇農業合作化道路

當前，我(wo)國農業發(fa)展(zhan)進入新(xin)(xin)階段，迫切需要(yao)新(xin)(xin)路(lu)徑新(xin)(xin)措施(shi)新(xin)(xin)政策解決新(xin)(xin)問(wen)題。農業合(he)作(zuo)化無疑是未(wei)來(lai)農業農村發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)方向。基層政府要(yao)正(zheng)確(que)引導，發(fa)揮基層黨組織的(de)領導力，按照市場(chang)化、規模(mo)化、專業化的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)和農民生產、農業發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)需要(yao)，把分散(san)經營(ying)的(de)農民組織起來(lai)，聯合(he)成一個有機(ji)的(de)利益綜合(he)體，形成強大的(de)市場(chang)競爭(zheng)力，共(gong)同謀求(qiu)發(fa)展(zhan)，實現共(gong)同富裕(yu)。

我國地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)廣(guang)袤(mao)，農(nong)業生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)境條件、生(sheng)態(tai)資源基(ji)礎，以及農(nong)業生(sheng)產的(de)(de)(de)方式、農(nong)民對合(he)作化的(de)(de)(de)認知及接受(shou)程度等，都(dou)具有明顯的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)域(yu)(yu)(yu)差(cha)異性。為此，做到(dao)因(yin)地(di)(di)制宜，充分考慮區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)農(nong)業農(nong)村發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)實際(ji)狀況及問題，發(fa)展(zhan)多層次、多形式、全方位的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業社會化服(fu)務合(he)作組(zu)織，走(zou)符合(he)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)(yu)特點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)農(nong)業合(he)作化道路，不斷提升農(nong)業現代化和高質量發(fa)展(zhan)水平，助力(li)鄉村振興。